Plinian fall deposits from Vulsini Volcanic District (Central Italy)     

G. Nappi  B. Capaccioni  M. Mattioli  E. Mancini  L. Valentini 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1994,56(6-7):502-515

Stratigraphic investigations of the Vulsini Volcanic District indicate the existence of five prominent plinian fall deposits, deposited over a period of about 0.34 Ma. The oldest deposit (Basal pumices) crops out mainly in the peripheral areas and is one of the largest plinian events in the Vulsini District, with a volume of about 9 km³ and a calculated column height exceeding 30 km. Subcircular patterns of isopachs and isopleths around the Bolsena lake indicate emplacement in wind-free conditions and suggest a source vent location in the northernmost sector of the present Bolsena lake, where it is possible that an older central volcanic structure existed. The four younger plinian fall deposits are related to Bolsena activity. The oldest of these, named the Ponticello and Orvieto-Bagnoregio pumices, are mainly distributed on the north-eastern sector of the Vulsini District. Their volumes are an order of magnitude lower than that of the basal unit, and the estimated column heights do not exceed 20 km. The younger Ospedaletto pumice deposit has a NE-SW dispersal axis, whereas the youngest Casetta pumice deposit is found only in the north-eastern sector of the district. Their estimated volumes are respectively 1.2 and 0.1 km³, whereas the inferred vent areas appear to be located slightly to the east of the Ponticello and Orvieto-Bagnoregio pumice deposit source areas. The chronology of the Ospedaletto and Casetta pumices indicates that the final plinian activity from the Bolsena complex is contemporaneous with the Latera activity. The decreasing volumes from the oldest to the youngest units, together with the progressive shifting northeastwards of the source vents, may be related to the volcano-tectonic subsidence of the Bolsena area. The source vents for the post-Basal pumices events are mainly clustered just north of Bolsena village where the greatest displacement during subsidence occurred. Accordingly, source vent shifting appears to be related to the progressive opening of normal faults from the inner to the outer margin of the Bolsena depression.  相似文献   

我国北方新生代玄武岩地下水化学特征及其成因：以河北省张北县为例     

李晴芳  汪柱  于洋 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2022,52(1):171-180

为了进一步了解我国北方新生代玄武岩地下水的赋存规律和形成演化机理,以河北省张北县玄武岩地下水为研究对象,在野外采集地下水样、测定水化学和同位素组成的基础上,利用统计分析、离子比例系数、氢氧同位素、反向地球化学模拟等方法,对区内玄武岩地下水的水化学形成机制进行了研究。结果表明：沿地下水径流方向,研究区内玄武岩地下水中多数离子质量浓度呈现增大趋势,补给区的地下水化学类型以HCO3Ca·Mg为主,TDS质量浓度多小于500 mg/L,排泄区地下水中阴离子以Cl-和SO2-4为主,阳离子以Na+为主,TDS质量浓度多大于1 400 mg/L;研究区地下水补给来源为当地大气降水;硅铝酸盐、岩盐、硫酸盐的风化溶解是地下水中离子的主要来源;溶滤作用、阳离子交替吸附作用和农业施肥等人类活动影响是控制地下水化学形成的主要作用。  相似文献   

列式鲁棒主成分分析的高光谱遥感异常探测     

孙伟伟  李飞  杨刚  张殿发 《遥感学报》2018,22(3):458-465

传统的基于鲁棒主成分分析的高光谱异常探测模型中,稀疏异常矩阵假设为非低秩且其非零元素满足随机分布条件。这导致稀疏矩阵的非零元素影响低秩背景矩阵的估计,进而制约背景信息和异常信息的有效分离。提出列式鲁棒主成分分析的异常探测方法,改进异常矩阵为列稀疏条件来解决上述问题。该方法分解高光谱影像2维矩阵为低秩背景矩阵,列稀疏异常矩阵和噪声矩阵,松弛目标方程为凸优化问题,并采用非精确增强拉格朗日乘子算法来求解得到列稀疏异常矩阵的最优估计。最后,对稀疏异常矩阵中所有列的L2范数值进行阈值分割来探测得到异常像元。利用两个高光谱影像数据集,对比5种主流的异常探测方法来验证提出方法的有效性。实验结果表明,列式鲁棒主成分分析方法优于包括传统鲁棒主成分分析模型在内的5种异常探测方法,且计算效率适中。  相似文献   

钢筋混凝土预制拼装柱扭转力学性能数值模拟与参数分析     

刘洪涛  孔鹏超  王作虎  廖维张 《震灾防御技术》2022,17(2):372-380

采用ABAQUS大型有限元分析软件开展预制拼装柱扭转力学性能数值模拟及参数分析,研究了轴压比、灌浆套筒位置及长度、预制构件拼接缝界面黏结强度对灌浆套筒连接中柱抗扭性能的影响。研究结果表明:轴压比会显著影响预制拼装柱抗扭承载力和变形,而灌浆套筒位置和长度对预制拼装柱抗扭力学性能的影响不明显;预制构件拼接缝界面黏结强度显著影响预制拼装柱抗扭性能。基于预制拼装构件和现浇构件力学性能的对比分析,提出了轴向荷载和扭矩共同作用下灌浆套筒连接预制拼装柱抗扭承载力设计方法。  相似文献   

反复荷载下型钢混凝土柱受扭损伤试验研究          下载免费PDF全文

袁军海  邵永健  盛炜仲  李国建 《世界地震工程》2022,38(1):069-79

为研究型钢混凝土柱在反复荷载下的受扭损伤,完成了11根型钢混凝土柱和1根钢筋混凝土柱复合受扭试验。通过试验观察了构件的受力过程和破坏特征,研究两种不同型钢混凝土柱的裂缝开展与分布规律。基于能量守恒定律,考察了柱截面配钢形式、扭弯比、轴压比、混凝土强度等级、配箍率以及配钢率对累积损伤的影响。研究结果表明:型钢混凝土柱的损伤演变分为3个阶段:弹性阶段、弹塑性阶段和破坏阶段;配钢形式、扭弯比和配箍率是影响型钢混凝土柱损伤程度的重要因素;配型钢,降低扭弯比和提高配箍率对于损伤指标分别最大降低了22.1%、14.3%和14.0%;损伤指标受轴压比、配钢率和混凝土强度等级影响程度较小。  相似文献   

循环荷载下水泥土桩复合体动力参数试验研究          下载免费PDF全文

叶观宝  秦粮凯  张振  郑文强  陈勇 《水文地质工程地质》2022,49(1):48-56

水泥土桩被广泛应用于软土路基加固工程中。然而,人们对水泥桩与桩间土形成的加固体的动力特性尚缺乏认识,无法合理评价水泥土桩复合地基的长期性能。基于此,本文开展水泥土桩复合体大型动三轴试验,研究围压、静偏应力、置换率及分级加卸载路径对其动力参数的影响,并分析了动力参数的波动性。试验结果表明:随着静偏应力增加,复合单元体的动弹模量减小,阻尼比增大,临界动应力比减小。随着置换率增加,动弹模量略有增加,阻尼比略有减小。逐级卸载造成复合单元体的动力参数劣化。阻尼比具有较强的波动性,复合单元体阻尼比的变异系数是动弹模量的2.8～7.0倍。相比于软土,复合体动弹模量提高了2～6倍,静偏应力越大,提高系数越大。  相似文献   

Inside amber: New insights into the macromolecular structure of Class Ib resinite     

《Organic Geochemistry》2015

Class Ib resinites are the most common subclass of amber and are found throughout the world. They have a macromolecular structure based on co-polymerized communic acid, communol and biformenes. Because this class of resinite does not contain succinic acid, crosslinking of the polymer through esterification of communol moieties has never been theorized. Analysis of Class Ib resinites from Grassy Lake and Cedar Lake in western Canada was performed using pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with in situ hexamethyldisilazane derivatization, using a thermal separation probe to perform the pyrolysis and sample introduction. This has allowed larger, more complex fragments to be released from the polymer matrix than previously possible using instantaneous pyrolysis methodologies. The results show for the first time that Class Ib resinite can undergo self-crosslinking between the communol and communic acid moieties in the polylabdane matrix. The chromatographic results also show that a portion of the monoterpenes and non-polymerizable diterpenes in the resinite are bound to the polymer matrix and not fully occluded as was previously theorized. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the resinites are presented and a more accurate spectral interpretation is proposed, based on the chromatographic results.  相似文献   

Marine Carbon Sequestration: Current Situation,Problems and Future     

Wang Jianghai  Sun Xianxian  Xu Xiaoming  Wu Choufei  Peng Juan  Yuan Jianping 《地球科学进展》2015,30(1):17-25

Abuse of fossil energy resources results in the excessive discharge of greenhouse gases, especially CO₂, enhancing the trend of global climate warming. Carbon sequestration is an important method to lower the increasing rate of CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere. Marine carbon sequestration is a novel idea for reducing CO₂ emission, and its reservoir mainly includes seawater and submarine sediment, which not only possess a great potential capacity of carbon sequestration, but also have high safety in relation to continental reservoirs. In this paper, we expounded the technique principle and mechanisms of marine carbon sequestration, potential capacity and time duration of marine carbon sequestration, main factors influencing marine carbon sequestration, CO₂ injection technique, impacts on marine biota from over emission of CO₂ and technique monitoring the leakage of CO₂. Finally, a prospect of marine carbon sequestration was proposed, and its hot topics were accordingly pointed out.  相似文献   

重金属铅、铬在土壤中的迁移特征——以泉州市为例     

吴敏 《中国煤炭地质》2021,(2)

泉州市地处福建省东南部,工农业均比较发达。随着经济的发展,工矿企业遗留下来的污染问题也愈发突出。选择重金属Pb和Cr为研究对象,通过土柱实验和Hydrus-1D软件模拟,研究其在红壤和风沙土中的迁移特征。结果表明:重金属Cr在土壤剖面中的迁移速率和迁移量变化明显,尤其是风沙土,重金属Cr可以在两个月左右迁移至土壤剖面底部(80cm土层厚度)进入地下含水层;而重金属Pb在土壤剖面中的迁移速率很慢,迁移量也不大,污染源产生的污染物绝大多数在研究期内均被表层土壤吸附。因此在场地污染调查、评价和修复时,重金属Pb主要应该针对污染场地表层土壤层,而重金属Cr主要应考虑地下水,尤其是风沙土区域的地下水,且应于污染初期进行污染控制。  相似文献   

天然有机质和不同pH环境对纳米黑炭的迁移行为影响及作用机制   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

杨美红  李志雄  刘雨嫣  马少强  陈家玮 《现代地质》2018,32(1):113

作为典型的黑炭,近年来生物炭的应用发展受到人们广泛关注。由于生物炭施加在土壤中,在表生地球化学长期作用下,会有部分逐渐破碎变小,直至微米、纳米级别,在土壤或水体中迁移,因此,对生物炭、特别是活性更强的纳米级生物炭的迁移性研究具有十分重要的意义,而关于纳米级生物炭的迁移性研究目前十分匮乏。通过石英砂柱中纳米生物炭的柱迁移实验,获得天然有机质和不同pH值(4、7、10)条件下的穿透曲线和空间滞留曲线,研究影响作用机制。结果表明：天然有机质(腐殖酸)能增强纳米生物炭的迁移性,中碱性pH环境也有助于其迁移。一方面纳米炭的分散性得到改善,另一方面腐殖酸和碱性环境有助于增加纳米炭和石英砂介质的颗粒表面负电荷,增大Zeta电位值(负值),从而使颗粒间静电排斥力增强,有助于纳米炭的迁移。研究结果对深入理解生物炭在自然界中地球化学迁移行为及其吸附污染物后的潜在迁移风险具有重要意义。  相似文献